阿甘 发表于 2007-4-3 15:09:00

浅谈雷击中接闪器的绕击和侧击

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">一、</font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">概念</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">1、<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp; </span></font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">绕击:由于雷电流小于所选滚求半径对应的最小雷电流而产生的一种雷击现象。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">避雷针即接闪器的作用是形成一个接收雷击的确定点以避免雷击点失控,防止被保护空间受直接雷击。接闪器的种类有避雷针、避雷带和避雷线,接闪器的位置常用“滚求法”确定。《建筑防雷规范》</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">GB50057</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">-</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">94</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中规定首次雷击的雷电流参数:一类—</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">200KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">;二类-</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">150KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">;三类-</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">100KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">国际电工委员会标准</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">IEC61312</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“雷电电磁脉冲防护”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">将第一级防护的雷电流威胁值定为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">200KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,波形为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10/350</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">μ</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">s</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,超过该值的概略为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">%,就是说,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">99</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">%的的雷电闪击都包括了。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">拿第一类防雷建筑来说,首次雷击的雷电流参量为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">200KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,由闪电数学模型(电气-几何模型)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">h<sub>r</sub> =2I+30(1</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">-</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">e<sup>-i/6.8</sup>)<p></p></font></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">简化为</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">h<sub>r</sub>=10</span></b></font><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">·</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">I<sup>0.65<p></p></sup></font></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">h<sub>r</sub></b></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">——雷闪的最后闪击距离,也是规范当中的滚求半径</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>I</b></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">——与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">h<sub>r</sub></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">相对应的得到保护的最小雷电流幅值。即比该电流小的雷电流可能击到被保护空间。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">将</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">200KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">带入上式中得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">I</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">=</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5.4KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,即对于一类防雷建筑(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">h<sub>r</sub></font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sub><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">=</span></sub></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">30m</font></span></sub></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">),如果雷电流小于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5.4KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,就可能发生绕击现象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p>

阿甘 发表于 2007-4-3 15:10:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">1、<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">&nbsp; </font></span></font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">侧击:由于建筑物高度大于所选滚求半径而产生的一种雷击现象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">一般来说,如果避雷针的高度超出所对应滚求半径或者建筑物的高度超出了所选滚求半径,都会产生侧击现象。如果避雷针的高度超出了对应的滚求半径,依然能起到接闪的作用,也并不是一种浪费,这反而增加了雷击的概率,从而主动的引雷。而过高的避雷针在充当接闪器的同时,也做了引下线的作用,从而改善保护。现代建筑中防侧击雷的一种重要措施就是在超出滚求半径高度的建筑物周围做防侧击雷的避雷带(暗敷)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">如果是现在建筑物,为了全面的保护,从安全、美观角度出发,提倡在屋顶敷设避雷代或者避雷网格,避雷带可以看成是无数等高避雷针的积分,也可以看成是避雷线,从而全面的保护建筑物,如果屋面宽度较大,可以增加避雷网格(网格尺寸必须小于一类:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">×</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">×</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6m</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">;二类:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">×</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">×</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">8m</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">;三类:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">×</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">24</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">×</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">16m</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">避雷针、避雷带的保护范围是利用滚球法确定的,而避雷网格则是利用法拉第笼的原理设计的,因此,在设计避雷网格时不能一味地追求避雷网格的高度。实际当中。有女儿墙的的平顶屋,其宽度小于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">24m</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">时,只需沿女儿墙上部附设避雷带,宽度大于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">24m</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">时,须在屋面上两条避雷带之间加装明装连接条,连接条的间距不大于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20m</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">。无女儿墙的的平顶房屋,其宽度小于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20m</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">时,只在屋顶上附设避雷带,宽度大于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">米时,加装明装连接条,间距不大于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20m</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(三类建筑)。符合避雷网格尺寸的大小。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p>

葛生 发表于 2007-5-13 20:54:00

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